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After The Shaking

Raging fires follow

Is Los Angeles Prepared For Earthquake Fires?

There could be hundreds of fires within minutes of a large earthquake.

Earthquakes will not only cause damage to buildings and streets, but they will often disrupt fuel and water lines. These pipes feed our homes, and if they’re damaged, water or gas can spill or flow into a home or the street. Often, the result will be a dangerous and rapidly expanding fire.

It’s important to know how to shut off the gas line leading to your home. If you smell gas in your home after an earthquake, you could have a natural gas leak. You need to know where your home’s gas line shut off is.

SF-1906-Quake-Fires
After the dramatic earthquake rocked the city, it burned for days.

Earthquake History: San Francisco 1906

In 1906, the Great San Francisco Earthquake changed history and began a series of scientific studies that have had a tremendous impact on pre-earthquake preparation, building construction, and general scientific knowledge about earthquakes. The Great San Francisco Earthquake was deadly and destructive. We all know that. But one thing not commonly known about that famous earthquake, was that most of the people who died and most of the buildings that were destroyed, weren’t a direct result of the ground shaking. Most of the death and destruction was because of the enormous fire that followed the earthquake.

At 5:12 AM, a foreshock hit hard enough to be felt widely throughout the San Francisco Bay area. About a half minute later, the primary earthquake ripped through the city, with the epicenter near San Francisco. Violent shocks and strong shaking lasted nearly a full minute.

It was after the shaking stopped that some of the worst destruction occurred, including:

  • Fires destroyed about 28,000 buildings and 500 blocks – ¼ of San Francisco.
  • A San Francisco resident cooking breakfast on a stove that’s chimney was damaged during the quake, started the 24-hour-long “ham and eggs fire” which destroyed a 30-block area, including parts of City Hall and Market Street.
  • Fires burned for three days and three nights; some were as hot as 2,700°F.
  • The Navy contributed to putting out fires by running water lines and providing water to the city’s fire department for their steam engines.
  • As a result of the fire, more than 250,000 of the city’s 400,000 residents were left homeless.
Northridge-Quake-Image
More than 110 fires raged in the San Fernando Valley

Lessons Learned, but Northridge Burned

The January 17, 1994 Northridge earthquake in Los Angeles was more localized, but extremely dangerous. It took the area longer than a year to recover from the damages caused by both shaking and fire. As with San Francisco and other quakes, it was fire that caused significant damage to homes and businesses.

Within minutes of the Northridge earthquake erupting in the city, L.A. City firefighters were en route to dozens of fires in the San Fernando Valley. In the period from 4:31AM  (when the quake occurred) through midnight, there were approximately 110 earthquake related fires. More than 70% of those fires occurred in single or multiple family fires.

Firefighters not only had to contend with rapidly moving from one fire to the next, but also were challenged by a lack of hydrant water. The quake, which lasted just under 20 seconds, was a blind thrust Earthquake, and it ruptured more than 1,400 water main pipes. Not only did firefighters have to fight these fires with few apparatus and firefighters than they ordinarily would, but they had to resort to using water tankers and drafting water from swimming pools. 
Borden-CERT-recognition
In 1986, The LAFD created the Community Emergency Responses Teams model.

Adding Community To Earthquake Response

Nearly a decade before the Northridge earthquake, the LAFD was interested in developing a strategy for managing a destructive earthquake. Officials from Los Angeles, including the LAFD’s Frank W. Borden traveled to Japan in January 1985 to study how the Japanese responded to the common occurrence of deadly earthquakes. Chief Borden returned with a head filled with ideas, and shortly thereafter, the concept of creating Community Emergency Response Teams – or CERT was formed. 

Within minutes of the Northridge earthquake erupting in the city, L.A. City firefighters were en route to dozens of fires in the San Fernando Valley. In the period from 4:31AM  (when the quake occurred) through midnight, there were approximately 110 earthquake related fires. More than 70% of those fires occurred in single or multiple family fires.

Firefighters not only had to contend with rapidly moving from one fire to the next, but also were challenged by a lack of hydrant water. The quake, which lasted just under 20 seconds, was a blind thrust Earthquake, and it ruptured more than 1,400 water main pipes. Not only did firefighters have to fight these fires with few apparatus and firefighters than they ordinarily would, but they had to resort to using water tankers and drafting water from swimming pools. 

frank borden active

Following the 1987 Wittier Narrows earthquake, the LAFD created the Disaster Preparedness Unit, and began actively training the public to become CERT trained – and in some cases CERT volunteers. In 1993, FEMA determined the value of CERT and Chief Borden’s leadership in this area had national relevance, and the Emergency Management Institute (EMI) working with Chief Borden and the LAFD developed CERT materials and training nationwide.

Prior to the Northridge earthquake, the impact of fires that follow quakes had not generally been well documented. Northridge changed that. Assistant Chief Borden’s work with CERT, and his expertise in earthquakes led to a NIST report on fire related aspects of earthquakes – specifically about the Northridge earthquake.

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